Abstract:

Global CO2 emissions are largely caused by Portland cement (PC) production. Alternative cement must be investigated to address environmental concerns. Thus, geopolymer cement concrete (GPC) is a promising candidate due to its low carbon footprint and PC-like performance. This extensive review examines geopolymer concrete (GPC) advances and applications, focussing on its physical, fresh, mechanical, and durability properties. Geopolymer chemistry, structure, reaction mechanisms, and manufacturing components are also covered in this review. All reviewed papers show that GPC has comparable mechanical strength to PC but releases less CO2 during production. GPCs also have similar or improved physical properties, making them suitable for many construction applications. These findings highlight GPC's durability, suggesting it can perform well in harsh environments. Geopolymer technology represents a sustainable alternative to PC, and this review highlights its recent advances. GPC's physical, fresh, mechanical, and durability properties are thoroughly analysed, including their strengths and weaknesses. GPC is now a viable alternative to PC due to chemistry and manufacturing advances. Finally, this study suggests current and future geopolymer applications while acknowledging successful previously developed uses.